Study Guide for the Final
Unidad 1, Etapa 1
Know all the vocabulary on pgs 21 and 47:
Greetings/Introductions
¿Cómo te llamas? = What is your name?
Me llamo… = My name is…
¿Cómo se llama? = What is his/her name?
Se llama… = His/Her name is…
¿Cómo estás? = How are you?
Estoy… = I am…
¿Cómo está usted? = How are you?
¿Qué tal? = How is it going?
¿De dónde eres? = Where are you from?
Soy de… = I am from…
¿De dónde es? = Where is he/she from?
Es de… = He/She is from…
¿Cuál es tu teléfono? = What is your phone number?
¿Qué día es hoy? = What day is today?
Hoy es… = Today is…
Mañana es… = Tomorrow is…
¿Te gusta? = Do you like…?
¿Le gusta? = Does he/she like…?
Me gusta… = I like…
Te gusta… = You like…
Le gusta… = He/She likes…
Using the verb
gustar:
¿Qué te gusta hacer? = what do you like to do?
Me gusta + verb = I like + verb:
Example: Me gusta leer. = I like to read.
Using the verb vivir:
Vivo en … = I live in…
Vive en… = He/She
lives in…
Examples: Vivo en un apartamento. = I live in an apartment.
Ella vive en una casa. = She lives in a house.
Pronouns:
Singular Plural
yo = I nosotros =
we
tú = you (familiar) vosotros = you (familiar - only
used in Spain)
él = he ellos = they
ella = she ellas = they
usted = you (formal)
ustedes = you
Familiar you versus
formal you:
Use “tú” and “vosotros” to be familiar: with people you
know, friends, and family.
Use “usted” and “ustedes” to be formal: with older people
you do not know, to show respect and politeness, or with someone in a position
of authority.
Important:
“Vosotros” is only used in Spain, and it is used for two or more people you
know and are familiar with. In Spain, they use “ustedes” to be formal with two
or more people. All other Spanish-speaking countries use “ustedes” for both
familiar and formal situations.
Ser = To be
Yo soy
Nosotros somos
Tú eres Vosotros sois
Él/Ella/Usted es Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes son
Ser + job:
Examples: Yo soy maestro. = I am a teacher.
Tú
eres estudiante. = You are a student.
Unidad 1, Etapa 2
Know all the vocabulary on pg 69:
A. Agreement
All nouns and adjectives must agree in:
1. gender:
masculine (m) or feminine (f)
Most nouns that
end in “o” are masculine and most nouns that end in “a” are
feminine. There
are exceptions (el día, la mano).
“El” is
used for masculine nouns and “la” is used for feminine nouns.
2. number:
singular (s) or plural (pl)
Singular is
for one thing, plural is for more than one thing.
El chico es alto. (m/s) La chica es
alta. (f/s)
Los chicos son altos. (m/pl) Las chicas son altas.
(f/pl)
B. Definite articles: “The”
1. el = masculine, singular
2. los = masculine, plural
3. la = feminine, singular
4. las = feminine, plural
El chico = The boy (m/s)
Los
chicos = The boys. (m/pl)
La chica = The girl (f/s) Las chicas = The girls (f/pl)
C. Indefinite articles: “a/an/one” and “some”
1. un = masculine, singular means “a/an/one”
2. unos = masculine, plural means “some”
3. una = feminine, singular means “a/an/one”
4. unas = feminine, plural means “some”
Un chico = A boy Unos chicos = Some boys
Una chica = a girl Unas chicas = Some girls
D. Making nouns plural
1. nouns that end in a vowel: add –s
el
libro = the book los libros =
the books
la camisa = the shirt las camisas = the shirts
2. nouns that end in a consonant: add –es
el
calcetín = the sock los calcetines
= the socks (Note that the accent goes away in “calcetines”
3. nouns that end in –z: change –z to –c and add –es
el
lápiz = the pencil los lápices =
the pencils
4. nouns that end in –as, -es, -is, -os: do not change; only the article is made plural
el lunes = Monday los lunes = Mondays
E. Using the verb
“ser”:To be
You need to use the verb “ser” to describe yourself or
someone else.
Yo soy = I am Nosotros somos = We are
Tú eres = You are Vosotros sois = You are
Él/Ella/Usted es =
He/She isYou are is Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
son = They/You are
IMPORTANT: Make
sure the adjective you use agrees with the noun in gender (masculine/feminine)
and in number (singular/plural)
Yo soy baja. = I am short.
Nosotros somos inteligentes y divertidos. = We are
intelligent and fun.
F Using the verb
“llevar”: to wear
You need to use the verb llevar to say what you are wearing.
You must also use un,una,unos, or unas with the article of clothing NOT
el,la,los,or las, unless you are being specific about what you are wearing. If
you are asked what you are wearing today, use un,una,unos, or unas.
¿Qué llevas? = What are you wearing?
Llevo una camisa rosada y unos pantalones negros. = I am
wearing a pink shirt and black pants.
Unidad 1, Etapa 3
You must know all past vocabulary from pg 93.
1) Family:
How to describe family relationships, using a family tree.
Pablo es el padre de Manuel. = Pablo is the father of
Manuel.
You must know all the family words from the vocabulary
sheet.
Father = el padre
Mother = la madre
Sister/brother = el hermano/la hermana
Son/daughter = el hijo/la hija
Grandfather/grandmother = el abuelo/la abuela
Aunt/uncle = el tío/la tía
Cousin = el primo/la prima
2) Possessive
Adjectives
You must know all the possessive adjectives (my, your, his,
her, their, our) from the vocabulary sheet.
My = mi/mis Our =
nuestro/nuestra/nuestros/nuestras
Your = tu/tus Your =
vuestro/vuestra/vuestros/vuestras
His/her/your/their = su/sus
Examples:
Es nuestra madre. = It is our mother.
Shawn es mi hijo. = Shawn is my son.
Nuría es nuestra abuela. = Nuría is our grandmother.The
shirt is Juan’s. It is his shirt. = La camisa es de Juan. Es su camisa.
3) How to conjugate the verb tener = to have
Yo tengo Nosotros tenemos
Tú tienes Vosotros tenéis
Él/ella/usted tiene
Ellos/ellas/ustedes tienen
Examples:
Ella tiene una hermana. = She has a sister.
Nosotros tenemos un perro. = We have a dog.
4) How to say someone’s age and when it is
someone’s birthday.
Examples:
Ana tiene 10 años. = Ana is 10 years old.
Ellos tienen 12 años. = They are 12 years old.
El cumpleaños de Ana es el dos de mayo. = Ana’s birthday is
May 2nd.
5) How to give today’s date.
Hoy es miércoles, el nueve de febrero. = today is Wednesday,
February 9th.
Use el primero for
the first of a month: Hoy es el primero de junio. = Today is June 1st.
Unidad 2, Etapa 1
ALL vocab is fair game!
Make sure that you know everything in your 2.1 vocab, even if we rarely
used it!
1) Know your AR verb endings: remove the –ar
and add the following endings
o –o -amos
o –as -áis
o –a -an
Ex:
Hablar: The stem is "habl"
hablo
hablamos
hablas
habláis
habla
hablan
2) Know how to use
tener que + infinitive and hay que + infinitive
a) Using "Hay
que":
Hay que stays the same and is an impersonal expression
meaning "One must".
The second verb stays in the infinitive and is not
conjugated.
Ex. Hay que
estudiar. = One must study.
b) Using "Tener
que":
You must conjugate "tener' depending on who the subject
of the sentence is.
The second verb stays in the infinitive and is not
conjugated.
Tengo que estudiar. = I must study.
Tenemos que estudiar. = We must study.
c) Know how to
conjugate “tener” = To have
tengo tenemos
tienes tenéis
tiene tienen
2) Know your adverbs of frequency!
You must know if the adverbs go before or after the verb, or
if they go at the beginning or end of the sentence.
a) Before the verb:
nunca (never): Yo
nunca hablo español.
siempre (always): Yo siempre hablo español.
rara vez (rarely): Yo rara vez hablo español.
b) After the verb:
mucho (often/a lot): Yo hablo mucho.
poco (a little) : Yo hablo poco.
c) At the beginning or end of the sentence:
A veces(sometimes): A veces yo hablo español. Yo hablo
español a veces.
De vez en cuando(once in a while): De vez en cuando yo hablo
español. Yo hablo español de vez en cuando.
Todos los días(every day): Todos los días yo hablo español.
Yo hablo español todos los días.
Unidad 2, Etapa 2
Study vocabulary on pg 143
1) Know the verb “ir” = to go
Yo voy Nosotros
vamos
Tú vas Vosotros
vais
Él/ella/usted va Ellos/ellas/ustedes
van
2) Know how to answer the following questions:
a) ¿Adónde vas? = Where are you going?
Voy a la cafeteria. = I am going to the cafeteria.
Voy al gimnasio. (Remember that ‘a’ +‘el’ becomes ‘al’) = I
am going to the gymnasium.
b) ¿Dónde está…? =
Where is…?
¿Dónde está Ricardo? Ricardo está en la clase. = Where is
Richard? Richard is in class.
c) ¿Qué hora es? = What time is it?
Es la una/Son las dos. = It is one o’clock/It is two
o’clock.
d) ¿A qué hora es…? = At what time is…?
A la una/a las dos. = At one/two.
3) Know how to tell time
a) Any 1:00 time is considered singular, and you must start
your sentence with
“Es la una.”
Any 2:00-12:00 time is considered plural, and you must start
your sentence with
“Son las dos.”
b) Use ‘y’ + minutes for the number of minutes after the
hour.
1:05 Es la una y
cinco. (Do not say ‘cero” for zero)
2:10: Son las dos y
diez.
c) Use ‘menos’ + minutes for the number of minutes before
the hour.
12:50 Es la una
menos diez.
1:50 Son las dos
menos diez.
d) Use ‘cuarto’ for quarter past and ‘media’ for half past.
1:15 Es la una y
cuarto.
2:30 Son las dos y
media.
e) When you are talking about when something will happen,
use “a la una/a las dos”
¿A qué hora es la clase de español? La clase de español es a
las dos. = At what time is Spanish class? Spanish class is at 2 pm.
4) Know the verb ‘estar’ = to be
Yo estoy Nosotros
estamos
Tú estás Vosotros
estáis
Él/ella/usted está Ellos/ellas/ustedes
están
We use the verb “estar” to say where people or things are
located.
La profesora está en la clase. = The teacher is in the
classroom.
5) Know the interrogative (question) words
Know how to form these kinds of questions and how to answer
them.
Cómo = how ¿Cómo está Ricardo? =
How is Ricardo?
Cuál(es) = which or what ¿Cuál es el libro? = Which is the
book?
¿Cuáles son los libros? = Which are the books?
(‘Cuál’ cannot be
followed directly by a noun: ‘Cuál libro’ is not correct)
Cuándo = when ¿Cuándo estudia Ricardo? =
When does Ricardo study?
Por qué = why ¿Por qué va Ricardo a
casa? = Why is Ricardo going home?
Qué = what ¿Qué es? = What is
it?
(‘Qué’ can be
followed directly by a noun: ‘Qué libro es’ is correct.)
Quién(es) = who ¿Quién habla con el
professor? (1 person) = Who is talking
with the teacher?
¿Quiénes hablan con el professor? (2 or more people) =
Who is talking with the teacher?
Unidad 2, Etapa 3
Be familiar with the vocabulary on page 167.
1)Using “ir”
a) Conjugating “ir”
Yo voy a… Nosotros
vamos a…
Tú vas a… Vosotros
vais a…
Él/Ella/Usted va a… Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
van a…
b) The
verb “ir (conjugated) + a + infinitive verb (not conjugated)” = to be going
to do something
Ex. Yo voy a
estudiar. = I am going to study.
IMPORTANT:
Conjugate the first verb “ir”. Do NOT conjugate the second verb (what you are
actually going to be doing)
c) The
verb “ir (conjugated) + a + the place”= to be going to a place
Ex. Tú vas a la
cafeteria. = You are going to the cafeteria.
Nosotros vamos al gimnasio. = We are going to the gym. (Remember that “a + el” becomes “al”).
2) Know your verb endings
-ar verb endings:
-er verb endings: -ir verb
endings:
-o -amos -o -emos -o -imos
-as -áis -es -éis- -es -ís
-a -an - e -en- -e -en
Make sure to look at the verb, and see if it is an ar, er,
or ir verb, and use the appropriate endings. Look where the accents go for the
vosotros form, and do not forget to add the accent.
3)Know the three new
irregular verbs
a) Hacer = to do, to
make
hago
hacemos
haces
hacéis
hace hacen
Ex. Yo hago la tarea. = I do my homework.
b)Conocer = to know
(must be followed by “a” if followed by a person)
conozco
conocemos
conoces
conocéis
conoce
conocen Ex.
Yo conozco a Ana. = I know Ana.
c)Oír = to hear
oigo oímos
oyes oís
oye oyen
Ex. Yo oigo la television. = I hear the television
4)Personal “a”
Whenever a person is the object of a verb, the personal “a”
must be used before the verb, except when using the verb “tener”
Yo conozco a María. = I know María.
Yo oigo a María. = I hear María
Yo cuido a María.= I take care of María.
Yo hablo a María. = I speak to María.
The personal “a” can
also be used with animals that are pets, but it is not required.
Yo voy a cuidar a mi gato. OR Yo voy a cuidar mi gato.
Unidad 3, Etapa 1
Study vocabulary on pg 195.
1)Using ser and estar
Use estar with emotions and location Use ser with things that are permanent or
take a long time to change.
Estar = to be (temporary) ser = to be
(“permanent”)
estoy estamos
soy somos
estás estáis eres sois
está están
es son
a)With emotions
Yo estoy cansado. = I am tired. Yo soy una persona feliz. = I am
a happy person.
Ella está cansada. = She is tired. Ella es alta y bonita. = She is
tall and pretty.
IMPORTANT: Use
cansados/cansadas if it is about more than one person. The adjective (of
emotion) must match the person it describes in gender (masculine or femenine)
and number (singular or plural). Ellas están cansadas. Ellos están cansados.
b)With location
Yo estoy en Michigan. = I am in Michigan.
BUT if you are
talking about your origin, where you are from, you use ser:
Yo soy de Michigan. = I am from Michigan.
2)Using "acabar
de" + infinitive verb
Acabar = to finish (You use it to say what you just finished
doing)
acabo acabamos
acabas acabáis
acaba acaban
Using "acabar
de" + infinitive is a way of writing about the past, about something that
just happened.
Ex. Yo acabo de estudiar. = I just studied. (I just finished
studying)
IMPORTANT: You
need to conjugate acabar, but you do not conjugate the verb that follows
"de"
3)Using venir + a or
de + place
Venir = to come (You use it to say you are coming to a place,
or coming from a place)
vengo venimos
vienes venís
viene vienen
Ex. Yo vengo a la escuela. = I come to the school.
Yo vengo al gimnasio. = I come to the gymnasium. ( a + el – al)
Yo vengo de la escuela. = I come from the school.
Yo vengo del gimnasio. = I come from the gymnasium. (de +
el – del)
IMPORTANT:
a la: does not change
a + el: changes to 'al'
de la: does not change
de + el: changes to 'del'
4)Using gustar
You have already learned how to use “gustar” = to like. for Yo, Tú, and Él and Ella:
Me gusta(n) = I like
Te gusta(n) = You like
Le gusta(n) = He/She likes
Le gusta(n) = You like (for the formal you: Usted)
Here are the plural
forms of gustar:
Nos gusta(n) = We like
Os gusta(n) = You all like (for “vosotros”)
Les gusta(n) = They like
Les gusta(n) = You like (for Ustedes)
To really stress about
liking something, add this:
A mí me gusta A
nosotros nos gusta
A ti te gusta A vosotros os gusta
A él/A ella/ a usted le gusta A ellos/A ellas/ A ustedes
les gusta
Ex. A mi familia y a mí, nos gusta cantar. = My family and like
to sing.
IMPORTANT :
• If
someone likes one thing, you use “gusta”. If someone likes more than one thing,
you use “gustan”
• You NEVER
use the pronouns yo, tú, él, ella, usted, nosotros, vosotros, ellos, ellas, or
ustedes, in front of “gusta”
Ex. You would never ever ever write: Yo me gusta.
• If you
use a person’s name, you must put an “a” in front of the person’s name:
Ex. A Juan le gusta bailar. = Juan likes to dance.
Unidad 3, Etapa 2
Know the vocabulary on pg 217
1)Stem changing
verbs:
These verbs, known as boot verbs have a different beginning
for all pronouns except "nosotros" and "vosotros". It is
the beginning that changes, not the ending. (See below in bold)
a) Jugar = to play u to ue (the 'u' changes to 'ue')
juego jugamos
juegas jugáis
juega juegan
IMPORTANT: When
you are playing a sport, you use jugar + a. Remember that "a" +
"el" changes into "al".
Ex. Yo juego al béisbol. = I play baseball.
b) Pensar = to think e to ie (the 'e' changes to an 'ie')
pienso pensamos
piensas pensáis
piensa piensan
The other verbs that
are conjugated like “pensar” are:
cerrar = to
close (cierro…)
empezar = to
begin (empiezo…)
entender = to
understand (entiendo…)
merendar = to
have a snack (meriendo…)
perder = to lose
(pierdo…)
preferir = to
prefer (prefiero…)
querer = to want
(quiero…)
IMPORTANT: The
'e' that changes to 'ie' is the one in bold letter.
2) Saber = to know
Sé sabemos
sabes sabéis
sabe saben Ex. Yo sé hablar español. =
I know how to speak Spanish\.
Saber versus Conocer
You use "saber" when you are saying you know
facts/information or how to do something. You use "conocer" when you
are saying that you know people or places.
3)Conocer = to know
conozco
conocemos
conoces
conocéis
conoce conocen
Ex. Yo conozco
Ana. = I know Ana.
Yo conozco Paris. = I know Paris.
3)Comparisons
A. Using “más… que,
menos…que, and tan…como”
You can place an adjective OR a noun between “más/menos” and
“que” or “tan” and “como”.
a)
Más… que = More than
i. Más
+ adjective + que
Yo soy
más alto que tú = I am taller (more tall) than you.
Ella
es más alta que tú. = She is taller then you.
(alta MUST agree
with the person, therefore it is feminine)
ii. Más + noun + que
Yo tengo más libros que tú. = I have more
books than you.
iii. Verb + más que + verb
Me gusta
leer más que escribir. = I like to read more than to write.
b) Menos… que = less than
i. Menos
+ adjective + que
El
tenis es menos divertido que el baloncesto. = Tennis is less fun
than basketball.
ii. Menos
+ noun + que
Yo tengo menos libros que tú. = I have less books than you.
iii
Verb + menos que + verb
Me gusta
leer menos que escribir. = I like to read less than to write.
c) Tan…como = as… as
i. Tan
+ adj. + como
El gato es tan grande como el perro. = The cat is as big as the dog.
Mi falda es tan bonita como tu falda.= My skirt is as pretty as your
skirt.
Don’t forget to watch adjective agreement!
The adjective must agree with the noun (feminine/masculine/singular/plural)
ii. Tantos + noun + como
Yo tengo
tantos libros como tú. = I have as many books as you.
Yo tengo
tantas faldas como tú. = I have as many skirts as you.
Yo tengo tanto dinero
como tú. = I have as much money as you.
Yo tengo tanta
tarea como tú. = I have as much homework as you.
(Make the "tantos/tantas" agree with the noun)
iii)Verb + tanto como + verb = as
much as
Me gusta leer tanto como escribir. = I like to read as much as to write.
i. verb + tanto como + verb + = as much as
Me gusta
leer tanto como escribir. = I like to read as much as to write.
ii. verb + noun
+ tanto como + noun
iii. Me gusta comer tacos tanto como pizza.
C. Using “más de/menos de”
i. When
you are discussing numbers, you must use más de or menos de to
compare.
ii. Menos
de cinco personas tienen su tarea. = Less than five people have their
homework.
iii. Hay más
de veinte chicos en esta clase. = There are more than twenty boys
in this
class.
